Counting Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Counting Systems - Essay Example There was a certain social status and prestige associated with the use of a counting table. Hindu mathematics presents interesting features of notation. Valuable information on this development is revealed by the Bakhsh'l' Manuscript. First, Hindu Arabic numeral system was mentioned in the 9th century. It is classified as a positional decimal numeral system consisted of symbols (Smith and Karpinski 1911). It has been generally believed that the so-called Arabic numerals, from which arise those in use by us today, were derived by the Muslim peoples from India, and that the Hindus invented (1) the principle of position or place value of the decimal point and (2) the nine digits and zero (or dot). In the astrological treatise written by Ch''-t'an Hsi-ta, who flourished under the T'ang Dynasty in the early eighth century A.D., the so-called Hindu decimal notation and rules are implied, so that they were introduced, or re-introduced into China, at that time or possibly earlier (Datta and Singh 1998). Whereas Hindu astronomy made improvement through Greek influence, mathematics in India, as Professor Sarton has stated, had no need to wait for Hellenism: we are, therefore, at present disinclined to refuse legitimate claims for Hindu originality in respect of the nine numerals and decimal system (Al-Daffa, 1977). "The basic idea of the system is the primacy of grouping (and of the rhythm of the symbols in their regular sequence) in "packets" of tens, hundreds (tens of tens), thousands (tens of tens of tens), and so on" (Ifrah et al. 2000, p. 25). In the Bakhshali Manuscript researchers find a small sign used to represent negative quantity: it is a cross, like the present 'plus' sign, but placed to the right of the quantity to which it refers. Zero is represented by a dot. The dot is also used to indicate an unknown quantity. There is an absence from the Bakshali Manuscript of symbols of operation, even the negative sign already noted not being used as such. In Bhaskara's Bija-Ganita, however, the dot is used as the negative sign of operation (Datta and Singh 1998). Operation is indicated in the Bakhsh'l' Manuscript by an ad hoc term, or by relative position, In general, Hindu mathematicians used the terms "ya" (as many as") for the first unknown quantity, now usually denoted by x; for the second unknown, say y for the constant quantity in an expression; "v or va" for a square and the initial letters of the words representing various colours for other unknown quantities (Al-Daffa, 1977). During his khalifate and later, there flourished Al-Kindi. Al-Kindi, like many eminent scholars of the Middle Ages, was an encyclopedialist, and wrote numerous works on many subjects. He translated extesively from the Greek, and his treatise on geometrical and physiological optics (known in the Latin form as De Aspectibus) was based on the optical works of Euclid, Heron, and Ptolemy. He was interested in large-scale natural phenomena, studying particularly the tides, and also the rainbow ion accordance with the principles of optical reflection. Further, his scientific studies embraced the Hindu numerals and a musical notation relating to pitch (Smith and Karpinski 1911). He was sufficiently far-sighted to regard much alchemy as spurious and non-scientific Eminent among writers on mechanical and mathematical subjects were the three sons of M's' ibn Sh'kir, the Ban' M's', who engaged also the

What is SPSS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is SPSS - Essay Example SPSS is basically an abbreviation of statistical package for the social sciences. The users of SPSS software can enter data which becomes accessible for analysis. The obtained analyzed data can be then formatted into a report with the usage of modeling and graphs. There are many reasons for which researchers have made use of the SPSS software. Most notably, the software is used in order to manage large amount of data that can be very difficult to handle (Carver & Nash, 2011). SPSS is windows-based and highly user-friendly software that can be used by students without difficulties. Be it regressing analysis or correspondence analysis etc., SPSS is designed to run any form of research method. ANOVA, t-tests and linear regression are the most widely used function of SPSS. The results obtained after using SPSS software allow researchers to represent their data in such a way that general audiences can also read and understand the subject matter (Field,

UK Monetary Policy Regime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

UK Monetary Policy Regime - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Monetary Policy can be broadly defined as â€Å"the deliberate effort by the Central Bank to influence economic activity by variations in the money supply, in the availability of credit or in the interest rates consistent with the specific national objectives.†Ã‚   Money serves as a medium of exchange, as a store of value, a standard for measuring values and a unit of account. The role of money is to serve as a medium of exchange, and it is the medium through which everything can be bought and sold. The monetary policy of any country refers to the regulatory policy, whereby the monetary authority maintains its control over the supply of money for the realization of general economic objectives. This involves manipulating the supply of money, the level, and structure of interest rates and other conditions affecting the availability of credit. However, in the context of developing economies, monetary policy acquires a wider role and it has to be design ed to meet the particular requirements of the economy. This involves not merely the restriction of credit expansion to curb inflation, but also the provision of adequate funds to meet the legitimate requirements of industry and trade and curbing the use of credit for unproductive and speculative purposes. The monetary policy of an economy operates through three important instruments, viz. the regulation of money supply, control over aggregate credit and the interest rate policy. Economic growth is dependent on mobilizing savings and directing them into productive channels. In this process, money supply can only play a limited role. However, the role establishes an important connection between money supply, output and price level (ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR)). These relationships cannot be ignored even if the primary concern of the government is the mobilization of real factors that ultimately lead to economic growth. A principal objective of any central bank is to sa feguard the value of the currency in terms of what it will purchase. Rising prices – inflation – reduces the value of money. Monetary policy is directed to achieving this objective and providing a framework for non-inflationary economic growth.

Managing business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Managing business finance - Essay Example There is a flow of loan repayment similar to a waterfall from the top down with each cash proceeds from these loans goes to fees and tranches of debt. The CLO arrangement permits attaining surplus cash to run from the loans to liabilities like CLO Bonds. The junior investors obtain the surplus cash flow after paying the higher-risk tranches. Therefore, as long as the costs in issuing debt remain lower than the loan portfolio, the CLO equity tranche will receive the excess cash. Nevertheless, the checks and balances structure may assist in preventing losses to the bondholders. During the 2007/8, financial crisis, the CLOs played a big role in the U. S Subprime crisis, and this was the first financial crisis in history after the Great Depression. Bank credits contribute in households accumulating debt relative to net worth with firms increasing their projects hence over-speculation and over-investment. The Community Reinvestment Act 1977 gave incentives to investors to extend loans to low-income earners. Therefore, instead of the banks applying more prudent and credit evaluations, they became flexible in their loaning through CLOs. This act saw an increased demand of loans with very many defaulters. These loans to people with poor borrowing credit history or the subprime caused a plunging of property prices that slowed down the U. S economy, and the banks losses amounting to $223 billion. These losses were due to the changed lending basis by the banks in mortgage that exposed the massive defaulters. Between 2002 and 2004, the U. S interest rates were low, and so the people speculated the low rates would remain low hence they did a lot of borrowings (Kolb 2010 p. 28). The banks introduced the CLOs selling loans to investors especially in the housing sector. Unfortunately, the government increased the interest rates in 2004, and the house owners would default the payments. This

Distributor retailer integrated inventory model (in supply chain) Essay - 1

Distributor retailer integrated inventory model (in supply chain) - Essay Example Business has become very competitive in the present world. Customers are now exposed to more information regarding the product and this allows them to select the best product in the market. Globalization has made business to be competitive outside the region of operation. It is very important that every organization determines suitable method to make the product and service to the people at lowest price. Company will be able to provide products under reduced cost only if the operating cost of the organization is reduced. In the business world every amount that is spent on the product is countable, by reducing the cost of operation the firm will be able to reduce the price of the product and this will increase the competitive advantage of the organization. Supply chain management is now being identified as an important factor for the effective functioning of an organization. Supply chain management provides large opportunity for reducing the cost of operation and to ensure that the firm functions effectively. Supply chain management covers all the process in the production of a product or service starting from the collection of raw materials to the delivery of the product. Effective supply chain management depends on several factors. With the increase in sequences and participants in the supply chain the complexity of the chain increases. Inventory management is an important aspect of the supply chain management. The main focus of inventory management is to determine the activities of inventory like determining the amount of inventory that a company would require to meet the demand of the customer. Proper inventory control enhances the firm to have the optimum amount of inventory to meet the demands of the customer. Low inventories may result in the organization having deficient inventories and will have to face a shortage of inventories. Most of the companies in the past used the

Ethnorelativism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethnorelativism - Essay Example By taking a step outside of this situation one has to place their culture and region in the same context as other cultures and religions. Ethnocentrism’s goal is to separate the world into two opposing factions for the different religions; that is, us against them. The practice of ethnocentrism in a country such as the United States, individual groups are either friend or foes to the cause; superiority of an individual group. In short, ethnocentrism expounds on social differences and scholars describe it as prejudice broadly conceived. A practical example is the â€Å"handling of international relations, creating conflicts and inhibiting resolution of conflicts†. When two groups are in conflict, each group will view the conflict from a subjective standpoint and view the opposing group as threatening. America being the melting point of cultures should be a neutral place where everyone is able to express their individual cultures. However, this is not usually the case, as some cultures are naturally perceived to be superior to others. As with individuals, every culture has its own unique characteristics that differentiate them from the rest. These differences, nevertheless, are the reason for cultural conflicts that exist in society. Despite ethnocentrism being a negative trait, each individual has the capability to propagate ethnocentrism. Booth states that self-pride, and to a large extent cultural pride, increases the tendency of individuals to assume that their cultures are superior to others (49).

The ethical issues faced by human resource professionals Research Paper

The ethical issues faced by human resource professionals - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that human resource management is an important part of any business. Since the inception of industrialization, corporations are hiring and recruiting employees, and therefore human resource professionals are not something new. Managing human resource also involves many ethical considerations. In today’s dynamic business realm the job of an HR manager has become extremely difficult because of the increasing diversity in the workplace and bad economic situation all over the world. The present research has identified that human resource professionals are business graduates who specialize in human resource management. They may also take counseling courses in order to take a position of human resource professionals. The license is not required to become a human resource professional because it is a common business-related function. A doctorate can also be pursued in the field. There is no specific code of ethics that governs human resourc e profession. Every organization is free to choose its own ethical standards. The author has rightly presented that there are general laws that restrict organizations to conduct discrimination when hiring employees. There are also harassment laws that are a part of all code of ethics. But there is no universal code of ethics for human resource professionals. The four ethical issues in human resource management pertain to hiring, promotion, firing, and privacy of employees.