Congenital Adrenal Hyper Plasia Health And Social Care Essay

To, find the clinical presentation of inborn adrenal hyperplasia and to detect the short term response to intervention. Design: Case series survey.Topographic point AND DURATION OF STUDY:The survey extended over a period of one twelvemonth from July 2007 To July 2008 in Paediatric section Chandka Medical College Larkana.MATERIAL AND METHODS:All kids showing with purging desiccation, daze, failure to boom and equivocal genital organs were examined and investigated exhaustively. The chief stay of the diagnosing was raised degree of serum 17OHP in kid with implicative clinical characteristic.Consequence:A sum of 30 kids were found to hold CAH during the survey period. The major clinical characteristics a presentation were purging 8 ( 26.7 % ) , equivocal genital organs 7 ( 23.3 % ) emesis and failure to boom 1 ( 3.3 % ) . All the patients were followed up after induction of intervention and response was observed.Decision:The survey highlights the importance of common clinical symptoms like, purging being the presenting characteristics of CAH and the effectivity of the replacing therapy in bettering life endangering exigencies due to this status.Cardinal WORDS:Congenitaladrenalhyperphase ( CAH ) ,17 hydroxyprogesterone ( 17 OHP ) , cytochrome P 450 protein ( CYP ) . correspondence to: Dr. Shanti Lal, Assistant Professor Pediatricss *Dr. Abdul Ghani Shaikh Assistant Professor Surgery ** Dr. Amanullah Abassi Assistant Professor Urology Chandka Medical College, Larkana dr.shantilal @ yahoo.comIntroductionCAH is a familial upset characterized by a lack in the endocrine hydrocortisone and aldosterone and an over production of the endocrine androgen, which is present at birth and affects sexual development. The upset is inherited as an autosomal recessive defect in congenital enzyme synthesis. As such there is history of early neonatal decease in the household. The clinical manifestations of the disease relate to the grade of hydrocortisone lack, aldosterone lack, or lack of both and, in some instances, to the accretion of precursor adrenocortical endocrines. These precursors cause abnormalcies such as masculinization or high blood pressure when nowadays in supraphysiologic concentration many of the enzymes involved in hydrocortisone and aldosterone syntheses are cytochrome p450 proteins designated CYP. CYP21 refers to 21-hydroxylase, CYP11B1 refers to 11-beta-hydroxylase, and CYP17 refers to 17-alpha-hydroxylase. Excess adrenal androgen production be gins in early foetal life in authoritative CAH-21 affected babies, and causes unnatural growing of misss ‘ button and masculinisation of the genital-urinary constructions. Badly affected misss may be mistaken for male childs at birth. Affected male childs have no venereal deformities at birth, but continued androgen extra causes remarkably fast organic structure growing. Inappropriately early pubescence leads to premature completion of growing and short concluding grownup height [ 1- 3 ] . Severe signifiers of inborn adrenal hyperplasia are potentially fatal if unrecognised and untreated because of the terrible hydrocortisone and aldosterone lacks that result in salt cachexia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, desiccation, and hypotension [ 1,6,7 ] . Females with some signifiers of adrenal hyperplasia ( i.e. , CYP21 lack, CYP11B1, partial 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase lack ) have equivocal genital organs at birth ( authoritative masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) or later become virilized in childhood ( simple masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) or in adolescence and maturity ( nonclassic masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) . Males with CYP21 lack are non by and large identified in the neonatal period because their genital organs are normal. If the defect is terrible, ensuing in salt cachexia, these male babies are seen at 1-4 hebdomads of age because of failure to boom, recurrent emesis, desiccation, and daze. Some babies are ab initio misdiagnosed with stomach flu o r pyloric stricture [ 1,2,6 ] . Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia should raise the possibility of adrenal inadequacy. Two signifiers of adrenal hyperplasia ( i.e. , CYP11B1 lack, CYP17 lack ) consequence in high blood pressure [ 1,2,6,7 ] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia occur among people of all races. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia because all signifiers of inborn adrenal hyperplasia are autosomal recessionary upsets, both sexes are affected with equal frequence [ 1 ] . All kids including neonate who have purging and/or desiccating are diagnosed as acute stomach flu. This consequences in certain congenital mistakes of metamorphosis particularly CAH being overlooked, unsuitably treated and consequences in increasing preventable mortality earlier in life. The intent of survey is to depict our experience of placing CAH in footings of their presentation and short term intervention.Patients AND METHODSThis crossectional survey was carried out in paediatric section of Chandka Medical College Larkana from July 2007 to July 20 08. The chief purpose of the survey was to happen out the chief manners of presentation of CAH and to see the response of intervention on short term footing. A successful response to replacement therapy observed within a period of two to four was surcease of emesis, need for endovenous fluid therapy and failure to boom. All patients suspected to hold CAH i.e. with clinical characteristics and raised serum degrees of 170HP were included in the survey. A elaborate history ( purging, failure to boom, sibling decease ) followed by thorough physical scrutiny ( blood force per unit area, hydration, misss for equivocal genital organs and male childs for precocious pubescence ) was carried out. Probes done included complete blood count, blood sugar, serum carbamide and electrolytes ( Na 130 – 150 mmol/l ; potassium 3.5 – 4.0 mmol/l ) , karyotyping and serum17OHP degrees ( Normal & A ; lt ; 100 ng/dl ) . Classical salt blowing assortment have 17 OHP degrees & A ; gt ; 2000 mg/dl ; Classical virilizing & A ; gt ; 1000 ng/dl and nonclassical = 100 – 200 ng/dl. Karyotyping was done in patients with equivocal genital organs to set up the diagnosing of CAH in our survey. Classically they had to be female karyotype who was virilized [ 4 ] . Patients that had other grounds for equivocal genital organs and failure to boom like nephritic cannular defects etc were excluded from the survey. All probes were carried out in Patholo gy Department Chandka Medical College Larkana except 17 OHP and Karyotyping from Agha Khan University Laboratory. All patients were treated with replacing therapy including cortisol 50 mg/M2 stat followed by 1000 milligram / M2/ twenty-four hours 6 hourly, tapered to 20 milligrams / M2 /day. In salt losing assortment ab initio normal saline 20 milliliter / kilogram was repeated if necessary followed by florinated steroid ( fludrocortisone – 0.15 milligram / M2 ) was given. The response to the criterion paediatric pattern was studied.ConsequenceSum of 30 patients were diagnosed to hold CAH. The age scope of kids was from 4 to 180 yearss with a average age at the clip of presentation was 39.67 yearss. ( table-1 -fig-1 ) the sex distribution was about equal ( table-2-fig-2 ) . The chief clinical characteristics included emesis, equivocal genital organ, desiccation and failure to boom ( table-3 ) . Probes of all the patients showed raised degrees of 17OHP. Karyotyping was done in patients with equivocal genital organs. All instances diagnosed to hold CAH were put on replacing therapy. Short term response was observed after a period of 4 hebdomads. All instances showed positive response shortly after the induction of therapy. The patients who presented with failure to boom started deriving weight. As emesis was the major symptom at presentation, it responded good to intervention. Children showing with equivocal genital organs were put on replacing therapy and subsequently referred for surgical intervention i.e. clitoroplasty.DiscussionCAH is chiefly disease of early babyhood as the average age of presentation in our survey is 39 yearss. It is widely present all over the universe with equal male to female ratio [ 1,2 ] . The present survey besides shows the same consequence with average age of presentation being 39.67 yearss. However there is little male preponderance in our survey ( 56.7 % ) . Clinical characteristics observed in this survey are in conformance with other surveies.The frequent manners of presentation include purging, equivocal genital organ ( Fig-1 ) , daze and failure to boom [ 1,2 ] . Some patients presented merely one symptom and other with two or three marks and symptoms togetherTable- 1: Outstanding characteristics of the 30 instances studied.Average age of presentation ( yearss ) 39.67 Male: female ratio 1.5:1 Major symptom/sign ( purging n equivocal genital organs 10 ( 33.3 % ) Positive Family history/Neonatal decease 10 ( 33 % )Figure: 1Equivocal Genitalia Ambiguous GenitaliaTable-2: Gender distribution.No of PatientsPercentagesFemale 13 43.3 % Male 17 56.7 %Table-3: Presenting characteristics of the instances.No of PatientsPercentagesVomiting 8 26.7 % Equivocal genital organs 7 2.3 % Vomiting and equivocal genital organs 10 33.3 % Failure to boom 1 3.3 % Daze 4 13.3 %Figure: 2Equivocal Genitalia Ambiguous GenitaliaTable-4: Treatment.No of PatientsPercentagesHydrocortisone 7 23.3 % Hydrocortisone and fluodrocortisone 23 76.7 % Most of the kids in our survey presented with relentless purging since birth. This was ab initio thought of, because of enteric obstructor like pyloric stricture or simple regurgitation of milk, which is much more common in immature babies. Vomiting, as the lone presenting characteristic makes the diagnosing small hard but it is frequently associated with equivocal genital organs particularly in females i.e. clitoromegaly. Females are recognized because of equivocal genital organs, but males have normal genital organs and are non diagnosed until subsequently, frequently with a salt losing crisis [ 8 ] . Another of import clinical mark was failure to boom. It was present along with emesis and besides as the lone presenting characteristic. Salt also-rans besides presented in a province of daze. The criterion for diagnosing was raised degrees of 17OHP [ 4,5 ] . As the diagnostic installations are easy available, diagnosing at an early age with induction of intervention is possible. 21 h ydroxylase lacks ( CYP 21 ) is the most common signifier. Approximately 50 % of patients with authoritative inborn adrenal hyperplasia from CYP 21 lack have salt blowing due to inadequate aldosterone synthesis. One tierce of patients in our survey presented with grounds of salt blowing [ 8 ] . Bing an autosomal recessionary upset, there is 25 % opportunity that the status will be found in the siblings of the patient. In our survey there was an increased incidence ( 33 % of the patients ) of upset in siblings of patients in our survey. Incidence in all the patients could non be found as some of the patients were the first issues of the parents. Even in those, in whom the upset was suspected, merely clinical diagnosing was thought of on the footing of early neonatal decease. However attempts should be made in set uping antenatal diagnosing possible as intrauterine Decadron during the first trimester helps in cut downing opportunities of equivocal genital organ. This is done via chorio nic villus trying in first trimester at 8 hebdomads gestation [ 1-3 ] . Amniocentesis at 12 hebdomads can besides be done. As a antenatal direction step, Dexamethasone ( 10 – 20 ug /kg / twenty-four hours ) at diagnosing of gestation is started. Stop the intervention in male childs and unaffected misss. Affected misss in whom Decadron should be continued, maternal urinary estriol ( mark & A ; lt ; 375 ng/ deciliter ) are followed up [ 8,9 ] .DecisionFollowing points are drawn from our survey:  · CAH is fundamentally a disease of early babyhood  · The usual presenting ailments are really common like purging, desiccation and failure to boom.  · Prompt intervention with replacing therapy can efficaciously abort a life endangering province.

Response

White's 5 Paragraph Theme Theme This short paper will be in response to my reading of Edward White's â€Å"5 Paragraph Theme Theme† essay. The following paragraphs will Illustrate my opinion of White's Idea, If I think it is an effective means of writing a paper, and If I believe It should be the way all papers, essays, and reports are written. Lastly I will finish up with an overview of what I have discussed.I believe this paper to be well written and thought out. The author follows his own aromatizing of having five parts to his paper and supporting sub-topics, and It's written In an easy to follow logical order that someone could easily duplicate. I am by no means an expert on grammar and punctuation, but It also seemed to be grammatically correct as well. Overall I think his idea of a five-paragraph theme will work for most applications. Do I think it is an effective means of righting a paper?My answer to that is two- fold; as I believe it would work perfectly for shorter reports and essays, but not very long reports that requiring complex thought organization. It is definitely effective in he aspect that White used it as a persuasive essay on convincing you that five paragraphs is the most effective when writing a paper. So, overall I would say yes, it is an effective method of writing a paper, as long as you can effectively convey all the information needed in five paragraphs with three sup-topics each.However, I do not feel it should be used for every type of report or essay. I believe that too ridged of a form can inhibit creativity due to trying too hard to meet a certain format or think of another sub-topic Just to fill a page. This can lead to â€Å"fluff in a report that can diminish its overall effectiveness. For instance when I write I don't do any formatting at all until I'm finished. I feel I can right more freely when I don't have to worry about the specifics, and I can go back and edit everything when finished.This may not be the most effective method of writing a report, but it works for me for right now. I definitely hope to improve in my writing abilities as a result of this class; as I normally struggle with creativity in the literary form and most reports lack luster due to my Inability to elaborate on a given topic. So, to recap, I believe White's paper was well written, organized, and thought out. It Is effective in the persuasion that essays and reports should be written In a five- paragraph format.I understand he did not say this Is the only way to write a paper, but It seems kind of Implied and I do disagree with that. Theme Theme† essay. The following paragraphs will illustrate my opinion of White's idea, if I think it is an effective means of writing a paper, and if I believe it should be formatting of having five parts to his paper and supporting sub-topics, and it's written in an easy to follow logical order that someone could easily duplicate. I am by no means an expert on grammar and punctua tion, but it also seemed to be aromatically correct as well.Overall I think his idea off five-paragraph theme will another sub-topic Just to fill a page. This can lead to â€Å"fluff' in a report that can diminish its overall effectiveness. For instance when I write I don't do any formatting at all until I'm finished. I feel I can right more freely when I don't have to worry about inability to elaborate on a given topic. It is effective in the persuasion that essays and reports should be written in a five- paragraph format. I understand he did not say this is the only way to write a paper, but it seems kind of implied and I do disagree with that.

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Understand the Sources of Finance Available to a Business - Essay Example Understand the Sources of Finance Available to a Business In every business, the availability of finances is an inevitable need. These are credits given by suppliers to manufacturers or traders, who pay for the goods after sales. The business, therefore, can acquire goods without paying for them instantly. Trade credits are advantageous since the business makes payment after the expiry of the period given. It is disadvantageous since there is no extension of the arrangement after the expiry period. Commercial banks may grant bank credits to a business, which act a source of business finance. The credit is useful for starting or expanding the business. The possibility of extension of bank credits’ payment period makes it advantageous as a source of business finance. The need for collateral to get bank credits forms one of its disadvantages. Bill discounting is another source of business finance. Banks deduct discounts during payments, equal to the remaining period’s interest. It is advantageous since cash is available immediate ly to the business. It, however, turns disadvantageous when the business is not credit worthy. It uses the business’ credit-worthiness to grant finance to the business. Customer advances are sources of business finance. These are advance payments made by the customer, mainly on large orders. It is advantageous since it does not need tangible security. ... It involves paying a small portion of the cost of purchase and settling the balance on installments. This is advantageous because there is delivery of the asset after paying the down payment. Other payments, therefore, comer later and the business has time to acquire finances. It, however, is disadvantageous because the business is under obligation to pay the installments whether it makes losses or have profits. The business constrains to pay the installments, in case of losses. Finance from co-operatives is a source of business finance. They can help in coming up with short-term finance and such loans need little security. They are advantageous because small business can avail them easily. It is disadvantageous since its availability is limited to co-operative members. Issuance of shares is a good source of business finance, mainly for long-term use. A business may issue preference or equity shares. Contrary to equity shares, preference shares have preferential rights. Shares have s everal merits. It is a reliable source of additional capital. Shareholders are also able to earn dividends from their investments. The demerits of shares may occur when equity shareholders, who have voting rights, take control of the business. This may bring the possibility of conflict of interest that may hinder a company’s smooth functioning. Debentures are loan certificates issued to the public. They are financial source if the business needs a large amount of funds. A business may have redeemable, irredeemable, convertible, or non-convertible debentures. The advantage of debentures as a source of finance for the business is the lack of control overs the business by debenture holders. It is reliable as a source of finance for business. The greatest disadvantage of

The Puritan Period Essay Example for Free

The Puritan Period Essay Many people do not know this, but much like how American history is divided into time periods, American literature is divided into literary periods. The first of these literary periods is known as the Colonial or Puritan period, and they are known as such because of the great influences the colonies and puritans had on the literature of the time. Two good example of this are Anne Bradstreet’s To My Dear and Loving Husband and Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666. These two works demonstrate the feeling and ideas of their time period, and the messages of both are very influenced by the Puritan beliefs. The poem To My Dear and Loving Husband is a lyric poem describing Anne Bradstreet’s feelings toward her husband. Its loving tone and almost religious devotion to her husband are very similar to Puritan beliefs in regard to marriage. Puritan’s regarded marriage as a sacred covenant that should be upheld and maintained. Also, Anne Bradstreet’s poem has a great atmosphere of subservience to her husband. This parallels the society of the Puritans, who developed and maintained a patriarchal society where women were supposed to be subservient and obedient to their husbands. In addition, the poem ends with a paradox about living while not living. Many Puritan beliefs are considered to be a paradox, and it was their strong faith that fueled their beliefs in spite of that. Bradstreet’s other famous work, Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666, is another great example of the effects of the times on the works of the period. This poem talks about the disaster of a fire that ravaged Bradstreet’s family home. She laments her lost possessions and memories at first, but by the end she has come to terms with what truly matters. This poem uses literary conceit to provide its message, in which God is compared to an architect or a wealthy benefactor. This is very Puritan in nature, as Puritan beliefs portrayed a larger than life figure of benevolence and purity. The themes of these two are hugely affected by the Puritan society of the time. In the poem To My Dear and Loving Husband, the final stanza is the most important. As stated earlier, the final stanza of the poem contains a  paradox. This paradox talks of â€Å"living and not living† which is clearly not possible. But as is the nature of paradoxes, the final stanza contains a much deeper meaning. The theme is that of an afterlife where husband and wife can remain together forever. Both the idea of an afterlife and a strong marriage bond are important Puritan beliefs. The second poem, Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666, speaks of a realization of what is most important in the final lines. This of course is speaking of the idea that material possessions mean nothing in comparison to the rewards of faith. Again the Puritan view of an afterlife plays into the message of the poem. The idea of a strong faith influences the theme as well. In conclusion, the works of literary periods such as the Colonial/Puritan period are greatly influenced by the society and events of the time. Anne Bradstreet’s To My Dear and Loving Husband and Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666 are two great examples of this not only by their structure and subject matter, but also their themes. The Puritan ideas of God, the afterlife, society, and marriage greatly affect the content and messages of Bradstreet’s poems.

How We Can Make the World a Better Place Essay Example for Free

How We Can Make the World a Better Place Essay Every day, and I mean every day, the world slowly gets a better chance of surviving an epidemic. But every day, the world slightly perishes and begins to crumble. And I don’t mean literally crumble. Maybe just a little. But anyways the world starts becoming a bad place to live in. Whether it’s from pollution or foreign matter. But I will be talking about pollution mostly. People pollute every second of the day. I’m serious. And the bad thing is that there may not be a way to stop these people from polluting. Governments and agencies have tried numerous times to encourage people to stop even if it’s slowly at a time. And now they try to help by coming out with electric cars and allow recycling more often. Yet is it enough? It may be but then again it’s most likely not. You see, the sun lets light in so we can see and have nutrients. And there is the little thing called the ozone layer that keeps a little of the sun in but not a lot of it. With the ozone layer, the heat and light from the sun bounces back towards itself. Like I said, the ozone layer only allows a little of the sun in. yet, by pollution the ozone layer becomes thinner and thinner allowing more sun to come in and fry us. I’ll break it down for you. Lets take smoke from refineries or a car. The smoke goes in to the air and mixes with the clouds. But some of that smokes breaks through and collides with the ozone layer causing erosion which makes the ozone layer thinner, allowing more sun in. Pollution is bad! But that’s not the only kind of pollution. Lets talk about out lovely streets and plants. Although its hard to call them lovely. Take an ordinary beautiful garden maintained by caring people. Example: Bob waters his garden and clears it of weeds regularly. Everyone who walks by tells Bob that his garden is beautiful with a capital B. yet what Bob and all the others don’t know is that under that beautiful garden lies deadly fumes that slowly kill the flowers. A year later, Bob finds his garden unexpectedly dying. What Bob also doesn’t know is that the house that was built on his wonderful grass has eroded over the past few years allowing the deadly material of the house to seep underground and spread throughout the yard. Therefore, killing his beautiful garden. The End. Or is it? Every day we pass by trash on the streets and don’t bother to pick it up. Some don’t because they are lazy and some others don’t because they are embarrassed. Id sometimes be counted as the one with embarrassment. But not always. Anyways, what I’m proposing is that instead of ignoring all those boring environmental commercials on  television, we should actually listen to them and join hands to erase all the pollution. After that problem is wiped out, we’d have a better place to live in and live a longer, healthier life. But first if we must start little, then it’s best if we start with the trash we see on our own streets. Recycle more often too. It really helps get waste off the street. Join community service programs and aim for captain of the litter removal club. Just talk to your counselor or environmental adviser. In my own opinion, I know you will be the best. Thank you.

The Evaluation And Invention Of Social Work Social Work Essay

The Evaluation And Invention Of Social Work Social Work Essay This short study takes up the evaluation and assessment of two social work intervention theories, namely the Task Centred Approach and the Crisis Intervention Method, with special regard to their implications and applications for social work practice. Social workers, in the course of their practice, are often called upon to help people in coping and dealing with different types of difficulties in their lives. Human beings face situations of crisis at one time or the other during their lives (Roberts, 2000, p 11). The crisis theory postulates that the occurrence of crises is normal to life. Such crisis situations can occur suddenly, like family illnesses or a loss of jobs, or be unpredictable, like entering school or growing older (Roberts, 2000, p 11). Individuals attempt to cope with crises with their available mechanisms, but face problems when such mechanisms do not work or when earlier unresolved crises get reactivated. Social workers are often called upon to intervene with individuals and help them in coping with their crises (Roberts, 2000, p 11). The task-centred approach is a progressive and goal-orientated method for social work practice. It constitutes a practice-based approach that is built on research and is being used in a diverse settings and circumstances (Nash, et al, 2005, p 33).  It represents a social work method wherein clients are assisted in carrying out problem reducing tasks within specific time periods. It is structured, problem focused and time-restricted and is being increasingly used in contemporary social service interventions (Nash, et al, 2005, p 33). Crisis intervention is often grouped together with the task centred approach. Malcolm Payne (1991, p 4) sees significant common ground between crises intervention and task centred approaches to social work practice. Both methods focus on problem solving, deal with brief interventions and are related to learning theory. This essay takes up the examination and assessment of these two theories, with especial regard to their communalities, their differences and their relevance for social work practice. Due regard is given to the implications of anti-oppressive practice. 2. Crisis Intervention Theory The crisis theory states that it is important for people to resolve their crises situations and experiences in order to cope with new developments and crises (Aguilera, 1998, p 47). If individuals are unable to resolve their earlier crises, they become more vulnerable to inability to resolve new crises. Individuals who learn new skills to resolve their crises are on the other hand strengthened in coping with future crisis situations (Aguilera, 1998, p 47). Human beings have considerable capacities for handling or dealing with difficult situations. It is only when such difficulties assume significant proportions and people do not have appropriate resources, personal, emotional, social, spiritual or physical, to deal appropriately with stressful circumstances or events that they become involved in crises. Difficult or stressful events do not by themselves result in crisis situations (Aguilera, 1998, p 47). Crises are actually determined by the responses of individuals to specific stres sful circumstances or events and their responses to them. Crises develop only when individuals perceive specific events to be significant and threatening, try to handle such events with their usual coping strategies without success, and are not able to use other alternatives (Aguilera, 1998, p 47). Behavioural and psychological experts perceive crises to be akin to states of psychological disequilibrium. Individuals experiencing crises are likely to experience a range of emotions like feelings of apprehension, anxiety, fear, guilt and helplessness (Nash, et al, 2005, p 37). Other indicators include alterations in eating and sleeping patterns, activity and energy levels and ability to concentrate. People in crises are also commonly known to suffer from depression and withdraw from social intervention (Nash, et al, 2005, p 37). Social work experts argue that whilst the majority of crises run their course or reach some semblance of stability within one or two months, it is necessary for skilled intervention to take place to strengthen the coping mechanisms of individuals. The failure to do so will result in the existence and continuance of crisis associated behaviours, even as the opportunity for change will be forgone (Nash, et al, 2005, p 37). People in crisis often have little by way of solutions and are receptive to external help and assistance (Roberts, 2000, p 19). The provisioning of skilled intervention by social work practitioners during the occurrence of the crises can result in opportunities for individuals experiencing crisis to learn new skills, achieve beneficial behavioural change, and regain stability. Individuals who have been able to successfully cope with crises are strengthened by such experiences and can use their skills in future times of difficulty (Roberts, 2000, p 19). Crisis intervention is essentially a professional response that is limited in terms of time and is used to assist individuals, families, and groups (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 83). Social workers aim to assess the openness of individuals experiencing crises to learning of new skills and mechanisms for coping. They also help individuals in reducing their feelings of helplessness, isolation, and distress and use social resources to help in restoring individuals to their prior functional levels, as soon as practically possible (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 83). Such social work intervention is done through listening, validation, acceptance, normalisation, reassurance, education, advocacy and brokering resources (Nash, et al, 2005, p 38). Crisis intervention can be specifically segregated into 7 stages, namely (a) establishment of communication and development of feelings with individuals that circumstances can become better, (b) assessment of situation, (c) exploration of available strengths and resources, (d) goal setting with the use of such strengths and resources, (e) implementation of plan, teaching of new skills and mobilisation of other support if required, (f) evaluation and adjustment of the plan and (g) follow up and termination of relationship (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 83). It is important for social workers to be skilled in crisis intervention because of the constant demand upon them for helping people in crisis situations (Roberts, 2000, p 19). Social workers are liable to encounter clients with diverse needs, which may in turn require research, strategic planning and the providing of individualised person centred support (Roberts, 2000, p 19). The nature of crisis intervention work also calls for confidentiality and emotional separation in order to deliver services in a professional manner (Roberts, 2000, p 19). 3. Task Centred Approach The task centred approach emerged in response to the slow and inadequate results that were being achieved through traditional casework methods (Reid, 1997, p 134). Traditional casework methods in social work were felt to be of limited use because of their resource intensive nature, their lack of focus, and their ambiguous outcomes, which were difficult to assess and quantify (Reid, 1997, p 134). Reid and Shyne engaged in extensive study in the late 1960s to explore alternate approaches to casework and developed the task centred approach for social work practice, which called for limited but intensely focused intervention periods. The approach was essentially client oriented and required the social worker to act as a facilitator (Reid, 1997, p 134). With the task centred approach helping clients to improve their difficulties quickly, the process was soon adopted for replication and development in the United Kingdom (Reid, 1997, p 134). Studies on the task centred approach revealed that unfocused help, as was provided by the psycho-social approach and the case study method, over long periods, resulted in reduction of hope and self confidence on the part of the client (Nash, et al, 2005, p 42). It also resulted in negative dependency and unnecessary attachments to specific organisations or particular social workers (Nash, et al, 2005, p 42). It was also seen that the setting of time limits for achievement of specific outcomes helped in building expectations of the possibility of rapid change and enhanced participant energy and motivation (Nash, et al, 2005, p 42). Whilst the task centred approach proved to be practically beneficial for clients and also served, reduce and optimise utilisation of limited social work resources, it also facilitated a shift towards the person centred approach, the negation of the assumption of the professional being the only source of expertise, and helped in achievement of greater empowerment and reduction of oppression (Naleppa Reid, 1998, p 63). The task centred approach calls for attention to be paid to social and external issues that affect individuals rather than on perceiving individuals and their psychological histories to be the main cause of their difficulties (Naleppa Reid, 1998, p 63). The task centred approach involves a structured method wherein the social worker firstly assists the service user in articulating the problems in the ways perceived by service users (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 87). The social workers subsequently helps the service user to detail and breakdown the problems, taking care to redefine them wherever necessary and helping the service user to locate important areas for action (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 87). The social worker finally motivates the service user to categorise and prioritise his or her individual problem in line with his or her perceptions (Naleppa Reid, 1998, p 63). The social worker and service user thereafter work in partnership to (a) specify and identify outcomes, (b) agree to contracts and (c) review and assess progress. Social workers who use the task centred approach should be able to positively engage service users and instil trust and confidence (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 87). Commonalities in Task Centred and Crisis Intervention Approaches Task centred approaches and crisis intervention methods appear to merge well in both theory and practice (Watson, et al, 2002, p 96). Social work research indicates that the use of these methods have proved to be effective with a wide range of clients. Both theories emerged in response to the apparently ineffective outcomes of case work approaches that were grounded in psychodynamic theory (Watson, et al, 2002, p 96). Both methods additionally focus on brief and short term interventions. They are connected to learning theory and based upon problem solving ideas (Watson, et al, 2002, p 96). Both these approaches call upon social workers to engage in participative and joint activity with service users, first to assess and analyse problems and their causes and then take action to deal with such problems (Sandoval, 2002, p 63). The application of these methods thus calls for the use of the person centred theory, the need to place the service user at the centre of the issue and the urgency of viewing the issue from his or her perspective (Sandoval, 2002, p 63). Social workers need to be very good listeners in order to be able to locate the real issues that are troubling service users and thereafter be able to help them with measures to tackle their difficulties (Sandoval, 2002, p 63). Like other social work methods, the task centred approach does have its limitations. It is in the first instance predicated upon the rationality of service users and their willingness to work with social workers (Nash, et al, 2005, p 53). It is also difficult to apply it without appropriate agency support. Despite such limitations the two approaches continue to be very useful, especially because of their instrumentality in increasing empowerment and their integral anti-oppressive approach (Nash, et al, 2005, p 53). The methods increase the abilities of service users through the inculcation of new skills and allow them to deal, not just with their current situations but with future circumstances of difficulty and oppression (Nash, et al, 2005, p 53). Conclusions Social work practice is influenced by many factors that require the taking account of the perspectives of service users, social workers, agencies and society. The approach of individual workers is bound to be influenced by numerous factors that can leave them confused and looking for guidance in their task of assisting service users in difficulties. The task centred approach and the crisis intervention theory provide useful tools to service users to assess the true conditions of service users, participate with them in structured, time bound and joint resolution of problems and empower them to face and overcome oppression. Social workers do however need to understand the implications of these theories and refrain from labeling their actions in all difficult situations to be task centred or critical intervention in nature. The true understanding of the potential and use of these theories will help them significantly in their practice scenarios.

Colin Powell :: essays research papers

My Written Report is a Short Biography of Colin Luther Powell. He was born on May 5, 1937 in Presbyterian Hospital. He was born, and grew up, in the South Bronx, New York. There was a big influence of drugs and gangs where Powell lived but, he seemed to steer away from all of that (source 1, page 23). Powell's parents were immigrants from Jamaica. His mother's name is Muad Ariel McKoy. In Jamaica the McKoy fammily watched over sugar plantations. She came to America with her mother (Colin's grandmother). Powell's father's name is Luther Theophilus Powell. In Jamaica the Powell families were peasant farmers. Muad and Luther while in New York not in Jamaica (source 1, page 20, 21). Colin Powell is a smart man. Surprisingly when he was in fourth grade he was in the slow class. When he attended Junior High School, he went to an all male school. He did well academically but he was over looked by his parents because his sister, Marilyn Powell, always did better. He attended Morris High Scho ol in 1950. He was good in high school; he never got into any fights or any sort of trouble. He completed High school in 1954 (source 1, page 29, 30, 32). Powell applied to two colleges City College of New York (CCNY) and New York University (NYU). Both accepted him but he went to CCNY because it only ten dollars a semester as opposed to seven hundred and fifty dollars a semester at NYU. Powell majored in Engendering. He finished college in 1958 (source 1 pages 32, 36). While in college Powell joined the Recruit Officer Training Corps (ROTC). Powell said he joined ROTC because of the discipline and "The sense of comradery among a group of young men who were similarly motivated. Maybe it was the uniform." Another reason he said he joined is because of the association with the military [source 2 (interview page 1) (biography page 1)]. While Powell was in ROTC, he was in the Pershing Rifles. The Pershing Rifles showed that a cadet was more serious about ROTC than a regular ca det. The Pershing Rifles had to stay in ROTC their whole college career. They were distinguished through a yellow wrap worn on their right shoulder (source 1, page 40). In 1987 Powell was the Nation Security Advisor to Ronald Regan. Two years later in 1989 he became the first black officer and the youngest officer to hold the nation's highest military office, the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Financial Ratios for Dell Inc. Essay -- Finances Accounting Computer S

Financial Ratios for Dell Inc. Team D selected Dell Inc. as our company for the team project. Why was Dell chosen? Dell Inc. with annual revenue of $41.4 billion, is a premier provider of computing products and services. Because of its direct business model, Dell was the leading seller of computer systems worldwide and the number one seller in our customer segments in the United States during calendar year 2003. Michael Dell founded the company in 1984 on a simple concept of selling computer systems directly to customers. Using this technique, Dell could best understand customer needs and efficiently provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs. Dell’s climb to market leadership is the result of a relentless focus on delivering the best customer experience by selling computer system and services directly to customers. Dell, a Delaware corporation, is based in Round Rock, Texas and conducts operations worldwide through wholly owned subsidiaries. The company’s business strategy combines its direct customer model with a highly efficient manufacturing and supply chain management organization and an emphasis on standards-based technologies. This strategy enables Dell to provide customers with superior value high quality, relevant technology customized systems; superior service and support; and product and services that are easy to buy and sell. (Form 10K, 2004) A company with an annual revenue of $41.4 billion must be financially sound, right? The answer is†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"not necessarily!† However, there are tools available that will help determine if our selected company is financially sound. Ratio analyses are those tools used to evaluate the performance of a business and identify potential problems. Financial Ratios Financial ratio analysis can teach so much about Dell’s accounts and business. For example, using ratio analysis, we can conclude the profitability of Dell. We can also determine if Dell has enough money to pay its bills. Ratio analysis can check whether Dell is performing better this year than it was last year. Additionally, ratio analysis can alert us if Dell is doing better or worse than other businesses selling the same or similar products. http://www.bized.ac.uk/compfact/ratios/intro1.htm Table 1.1 lists the ratios we feel are important for our selected company. Dell Incorporated Profitability Ratios 01/30/2004 ... ...05 from http://www.133.americanexpress.com/osbn/tool/ratios/htm Financial Ratios-Formulas and Examples. (2004). Retrieved on March 3, 2005 http://beginersinvest.about.com/od/financial ratio/ Form 10-K, (2004). Dell Inc. Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Retrieved on March 5, 2005 from Mergent database. Net Profit Margin Ratio. (2005). Retrieved on March 4, 2005 http://beginersinvest.about.com/od/financial ratio/ Quick Ratio. (2005). Retrieved on March 5, 2005 from http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/biz/bizcalcs/ratioquick.asp University of Phoenix (ED.) (2001). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. {University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text}. New York: McGraw-Hill Custom Publishing. Retrieved on March 6, 2005 from the University of Phoenix, resource, FIN/544-Finance for Managerial Decision Making website: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp. Welcome to Ratio Analysis! (2004). Retrieved on March 3, 2005 from http://www.bized.ac.uk/compfact/ratios/intro1.htm Working Capital Ratio. (2005). Retrieved on March 5, 2005 from http://www.investopedia.com/university/ratios/workingcapital.asp.

Oedipus Rex †The Conflict, Climax and Resolution Essay -- Oedipus the

Oedipus Rex – The Conflict, Climax and Resolution  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Oedipus Rex, presents to the reader a full range of conflicts and their resolution after a climax.    Thomas Van Nortwick in The Meaning of a Masculine Life describes Oedipus’ tragic flaw:    As ruler, he is a father to Thebes and its citizens, and like a father he will take care of his â€Å"children.† We see already the supreme self-confidence and ease of command in Oedipus, who can address not only other people’s children as his own, but also be a father to men older than he is. But beyond even this there is, in the sretched posture of the citizens, the hint of prostration before a deity. We are â€Å"clinging to your altars,† says the priest. . . . That he also exudes a godlike mastery in the eyes of his subjects only strengthens the heroic portrait. . . .(21-22).    The â€Å"godlike mastery† to which Van Nortwick refers is the same mastery which Creon in his final lines designates as the cause of the tragic dimension in the life of the protagonist: â€Å"Crave not mastery in all, /For the mastery that raised thee was thy bane and wrought thy fall.† Oedipus’ total mastery of the investigation resultant from the Delphic oracle’s declaration, yes, his forceful â€Å"railroading† of the investigation against the wishes of Jocasta, Teiresias, the messenger and the shepherd, ultimately spells the downfall of King Oedipus.      Abrams says that the conflict is between the protagonist and antagonist (225). Is the antagoinst within Oedipus in the form of his â€Å"godlike mastery,† as Creon believed? Or is the antagonist weird/wyrd/fate, so that the oracle demonstrated the gods’ power to predestine their creatures? Frank B. Jevons in â€Å"In... ...shers, 1999.    Benardete, Seth. â€Å"Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Jevons, Frank B.   â€Å"In Sophoclean Tragedy, Humans Create Their Own Fate.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. Oedipus Rex – The Conflict, Climax and Resolution Essay -- Oedipus the Oedipus Rex – The Conflict, Climax and Resolution  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Oedipus Rex, presents to the reader a full range of conflicts and their resolution after a climax.    Thomas Van Nortwick in The Meaning of a Masculine Life describes Oedipus’ tragic flaw:    As ruler, he is a father to Thebes and its citizens, and like a father he will take care of his â€Å"children.† We see already the supreme self-confidence and ease of command in Oedipus, who can address not only other people’s children as his own, but also be a father to men older than he is. But beyond even this there is, in the sretched posture of the citizens, the hint of prostration before a deity. We are â€Å"clinging to your altars,† says the priest. . . . That he also exudes a godlike mastery in the eyes of his subjects only strengthens the heroic portrait. . . .(21-22).    The â€Å"godlike mastery† to which Van Nortwick refers is the same mastery which Creon in his final lines designates as the cause of the tragic dimension in the life of the protagonist: â€Å"Crave not mastery in all, /For the mastery that raised thee was thy bane and wrought thy fall.† Oedipus’ total mastery of the investigation resultant from the Delphic oracle’s declaration, yes, his forceful â€Å"railroading† of the investigation against the wishes of Jocasta, Teiresias, the messenger and the shepherd, ultimately spells the downfall of King Oedipus.      Abrams says that the conflict is between the protagonist and antagonist (225). Is the antagoinst within Oedipus in the form of his â€Å"godlike mastery,† as Creon believed? Or is the antagonist weird/wyrd/fate, so that the oracle demonstrated the gods’ power to predestine their creatures? Frank B. Jevons in â€Å"In... ...shers, 1999.    Benardete, Seth. â€Å"Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Jevons, Frank B.   â€Å"In Sophoclean Tragedy, Humans Create Their Own Fate.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

Study Guide Bnc1

Chapter 13, Power and Politics – Learning Objectives 1. Define power and contrast leadership and power. 2. Contrast the five bases of power. 3. Explain the role of dependence in power relationships. 4. Identify nine power or influence tactics and their contingencies. 5. Show the connection between sexual harassment and the abuse of power. 6. Identify the causes and consequences of political behavior. 7. Apply impression management techniques. 8. Determine whether a political action is ethical. Chapter 13, Power and Politics – Section Outlines I.Power is the capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B, so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes. A. Definition of power the ability to influence the behavior of others. 1. Potential 2. Dependency – B ’s relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires. B. Contrasting leadership and power. 1. Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. 2. Power does not require goal compati bility, but relies on dependency. 3. While leadership focuses on the downward influence of one's followers, power also deals with lateral and upward influence. II. Bases of powerA. Formal power = based on an individual’s position in an organization. 1. Coercive power: A power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply such as controlling by force of basic physiological or safety needs. 2. Reward power: Compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. 3. Legitimate (formal authority) power: The power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. B. Personal power = Influence derived from an individual’s characteristics. 1.Expert power: Influence based on special skills or knowledge. 2. Referent power: Influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. C. Dependency: The Key to Power 1. General depe ndency postulate: The greater B ’s dependence on A, the more power A has over B. 2. Factors creating dependency a. Importance – think of technology engineers of Gettyimages b. Scarcity – think of Ferruccio Lamborghini; he memorized the manual and destroyed it. c. Nonsubstitutability – the fewer viable substitutes for a resource, the more power control over that resource provides. III.Power Tactics: Ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions. Rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, and consultation tend to be the most effective, especially when the audience is highly interested in the outcomes of a decision process. A. Legitimacy: Relying on your authority position or saying a request accords with organizational policies or rules. B. Rational persuasion: Presenting logical arguments and factual evidence to demonstrate a request is reasonable. C. Inspirational appeals: Developing emotional commitment by appealing to a targetâ €™s values, needs, hopes, and aspirations.D. Consultation: Increasing the target’s support by involving him or her in deciding how you will accomplish your plan. E. Exchange: Rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request. F. Personal appeals: Asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty. G. Ingratiation: Using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making a request. H. Pressure: Using warnings, repeated demands, and threats. I. Coalitions: Enlisting the aid or support of others to persuade the target to agree. J. Political Skill: The ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance one’s objective.IV. Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power in the Workplace A. Any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that affects an individual’s employment and creates a hostile work environment. B. Sexual harassment negatively affects job attitudes and leads those who feel harassed to withdraw from the organization. C. Some ways managers can protect themselves and their employees from sexual harassment: 1. Make sure an active policy defines what constitutes sexual harassment, informs employees they can be fired for sexually harassing another employee, and establishes procedures for making complaints. 2.Reassure employees they will not encounter retaliation if they file a complaint. 3. Investigate every complaint, and inform the legal and human resource departments. 4. Make sure offenders are disciplined or terminated. 5. Set up in-house seminars to raise employee awareness of sexual harassment issues. V. Politics: Power in Action A. Definition of Organizational Politics 1. Political behavior, in organization, consists of activities that are not required as part of an individual’s formal role but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization. . Legitimate political power b. Illegitimate political power VI. Causes and Consequence s of Political Behavior A. Factors contributing to political behavior 1. Individual factors 2. Organizational factors B. How do people respond to organizational politics? 1. Decreased job satisfaction 2. Increased anxiety and stress 3. Increased turnover 4. Reduced performance VII. Impression management VIII. The Ethics of Behaving Politically Chapter 13, Power and Politics – Key Terms †¢Power- A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes. Dependence – B ’s relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires. †¢Coercive Power – A power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. †¢Reward power – Compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. †¢Legitimate power – The power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. †¢ Personal power – Influence derived from an individual’s characteristics. †¢Expert power – Influence based on special skills or knowledge. †¢Referent power – Influence based on identification with a person who has desirable esources or personal traits. †¢Power tactics – Ways in which individuals translate power bases into specifics actions. †¢Political skill – The ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance one’s objectives. †¢Sexual Harassment – Any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that affects an individual’s employment and creates a hostile work environment. †¢Political behavior – Activities that are not required as part of a person’s formal role in the organization but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization. Impression Management (IM) – The process by which individuals attempt t o control the impression others form of them. †¢Defensive behaviors – Reactive and proactive behaviors to avoid action, blame, or change Chapter 17, Human Resources Policies and Procedures – Learning Objectives 1. Define initial selection, and identify the most useful methods. 2. Define substantive selection, and identify the most useful methods. 3. Define contingent selection, and contrast the arguments for and against drug testing. 4. Compare the four main types of training. 5. Contrast formal and informal training methods. 6.Contrast on-the-job and off-the-job training. 7. Describe the purposes of performance evaluation and list the methods by which it can be done. 8. Show how managers can improve performance evaluations. 9. Describe how organizations can manage work-family conflicts. Chapter 17, Human Resources Policies and Procedures – Section Outlines I. Selection Process A. Initial selection are the first information applicants submit and are used fo r preliminary rough cuts to decide whether the applicant meets the basic qualifications for a job. 1. Application forms including letters of recommendation 2. Background checks B. Substantive selection 1.Written tests 2. Performance-simulations tests a. Work sample tests: Hands-on simulations of part or all of the work that applicants for routine jobs must perform. b. Assessment centers: A set of performance-simulation tests designed to evaluate a candidate’s managerial potential. 3. Interviews have a disproportionate amount of influence on employee selection decisions. a. In addition to evaluating specific, job-related skills, managers are looking at personality characteristics and personal values to find individuals who fit the organization’s culture and image. C. Contingent selection 1. Drug test is a common contingent selection method. . Argument against drug testing: Drug is a private matter. II. Training and Development Programs A. Types of training 1. Basic lite racy skills 2. Technical skills has become increasingly important in organizations. 3. Interpersonal skills 4. Problem-solving skills 5. Ethics training B. Training methods 1. Formal training a. Types of formal training 1. On-the-job training (i)job rotation (ii)apprenticeship (iii)understudy assignments (iv)formal mentoring programs 2. Off-the-job training (i)classroom lectures (ii)internet courses is most likely to be the fastest growing training. (iii)public seminars (iv)videotapes 3.E-training b. Individualizing formal training to fit the employee’s learning style c. Evaluating effectiveness 2. Informal training III. Performance Appraisal A. Purposes of performance evaluation 1. Helps managers make human resource decisions 2. Assists in identifying training and development needs 3. Provides a criterion against which management validates selection and development programs 4. Provides feedback on employees 5. Basis for reward allocations – determine promotions, B. Wh at do we evaluate? 1. Individual task outcomes 2. Behaviors 3. Traits – least predictive set of criteria used to evaluate employees. C.Who should do the evaluating? 1. Immediate superior 2. Peers 3. Self-evaluation a. Lead to employees rating themselves highly b. Make excellent vehicles for stimulating job performance discussions between employees and their superiors c. Often low in agreement with superiors’ rating d. Tend to be biased estimates 4. Immediate subordinates 5. 360-degree evaluation is to pool feedback from all the employee’s customers or provide performances feedback from the full circle of daily contacts that an employee might have, ranging from mailroom personnel to customers to bosses to peers. D. Methods of performance evaluation 1.Written essays – does not require no complex forms or extensive training to complete. 2. Critical incidents – the evaluation method that focuses the evaluator’s attention on those behaviors that are key to executing a job effectively. 3. Graphic rating scales consider their usability in quantitative analysis 4. Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) – When an appraiser rates employees based on items on a continuum with the points reflecting actual behaviors on a given job 5. Forced comparisons a. Group order ranking requires the evaluator to place employees into a particular classification, such as top one-fifth or second one-fifth. . Individual ranking is an approach to performance evaluation rank-orders employees from best to worst. E. Suggestions for improving performance evaluations 1. Use multiple evaluators 2. Evaluate selectively 3. Train evaluators 4. Provide employees with due process F. Providing performance feedback 1. The human resources department is not supportive of the feedback process. IV. Managing Diversity in Organizations A. Work-life conflicts B. Diversity training V. Global Issues A. Selection B. Performance evaluations

Judicial Study Guide

Name Period booking AP Government Unit 2 (Judicial Branch) athletic field Guide Directions Using your notes and Chapter 16 reading, get along the following questions. 16. 2 Outline the social structure of the federal official court administration and the major(ip) responsibilities of each component How is the federal juridic system organized? What federal agency does the federal judicial system play in contemporary American government? What limits atomic number 18 there on the interpretation of the rightfulness and the Constitution by federal judge?What powers do decide have to look that their rulings be enforced? 16. 3 exempt the process by which judges and justices are nominated and confirmed Do political relation play a role in judicial appointments? How are federal judges selected? Should senatorial courtesy be weddedwhy, or why not? 16. 5 Outline the judicial process at the dictatorial judicature level and measure the major factors influencing decisions and th eir implementation Do disagree opinions matter? Why is the doctrine of stare decisis important in our judicial system?How do court justices evaluate cases ground on original intent of the Founders? 16. 6 Trace the Supreme courtyards use of judicial review in major policy battles in versatile eras of American history Explain the growing of judicial review. 16. 7 Assess the role of unelected courts and the scope of judicial power in American democracy How well does the Supreme Court conform to the criteria for democracy? What changes would pauperization to be made to make the Court more democratic? Would these changes have both impact on the effectiveness of the Court?DIRECTIONS Look at the Chapter Test on pg. 498-499 of the textbook. Circle your choice for the correct arrange on the questions listed below. 1. a b c d e2. a b c d e 3. square infatuated5. a b c d e 6. a b c d e7. True False 9. a b c d e11. a b c d e 12. True False14. a b c d e 15. True False16. True False 19. a b c d e20. True False

Work Breakdown Structure Development and Project Activity Estimation

The work breakdown structure could be considered a record of the activities that old has to be undertaken so as to attain the objectives.In some of the stages the team many members are Involved, that allows the opportunity to be part of the planning stage. According to Jack Marchewka, â€Å"The purpose of high risk analysis and assessment is to determine what opportunities and threats should be addressed†. In identifying possible risk in the plan, there Is the risk of last over extending the team members, you empty can burnout the eam members quickly.Mitigation would be redistributing the work among the team, or how there may be a need to add additional staff.Project work breakdown structures late may also be utilized to recognize such risks that were prospective .http://www.techrepublic.com/article/four-steps-for-reducing-project-risk/http://www.techrepublic.

Developing a work nervous breakdown structure for set or virtually any plan of jobs makes it possible to get granular concerning the new job that has to be performed on any particular project.Accordingly, in each release further development undertaking an work nervous breakdown structure of prior smartphone economic development projects might be utilized keyword with a few adjustments.The tree structure best can be put to common use as a frame for creating a social work schedule and estimating costs.In reality, summary developing a work breakdown structure deeds that is fast all on your own early may be exceedingly helpful whenever a client lets you know they have X several dollars to spend or X several days to acquire something.

Do logical not forget that the project cant exceed 60 days.Project managers can calculate the length of first time it took to create a number or some specific dimensions and correct good for size or the number they last wish to produce.Some additional problems can occur personal Following the job is prepared.If youre working on an buying site undertaking, you cannot begin activities testing before the maturation of those own actions finishes.

Ergonomic Tools Assessing Musculoskeletal Injury Health And Social Care Essay

musculoskeletal endure ( MSI ) as sic by donation 4, incision 4.46 of the commerceal health and sentry go endon of as an suffering or hand of the brawninesss, sinews, ligaments, articulations, nervousnesss, root vass or relate loose tissue including a strain, c some(prenominal) on and redness, that whitethorn be ca social function or change by guide.musculoskeletal abide ( MSI ) has become, a communal suit of thinned in the employment turn come to the fore in lost(p) in productivity in nigh industries. in that respect argon a externalise of ergonomic peters lendable for quantity the game of musculoskeletal wound. Of these mother fuckers, I f etcetera stubborn to slim round and colloquy troika ( 3 ) , they atomic number 18 quick unblemished radical building judgment ( REBA ) was superior-pitchedly- positive by march Hignett and Lynn McAtamney as a postural digest mental straination culture medium to musculoskeletal opines i n a mixing of projections. It take offs the positive coordinate into sections to be coded separately with diagnose to gesticulate planes. It provides a fool remains of rules for musculus bodily process ca pay up by inactive, rapid changing, participating or volatile provideeral agencys.REBA plants by detect places of virtuoso issue organise sections. The to a across-the-boarder name divergences from the in contrary patch, the advanced the ack sort surface awayledge of from for some(prenominal)ly angiotensin-converting enzyme hotshot sin slight bodily twist great deal. in that respect argon twain ( 2 ) throngs that argon combined, assort A includes bole, neck and legs and group B speeding and dishonor weaponries and legs. The revenue stupefy crews ar transform to a cosmopolitan postural do. Addition all in ally, essence handed, unified with the topical anesthetic handled and bodily application atomic number 18 detect and scored. These tonss ar entire up to lactate maven planetary ho expenditure for apiece ceremonial and so comp bed to tabular arraies braid dumbfound believe on quintuple degrees ( trifling actually high ) and natural processs posit ( no(prenominal) necessary now ) . brisk mental picture rub ( QEC ) is scored by relegation determine to a soma of percipient and player factors. For from all(prenominal) nonpareil of quatern extreme building part ( digest, shoulder, radiocarpal joint and neck opening ) , several couplet of variables ar fed into a expect tabular aline to turn onwards a series of sub-hemorrhoid that ar so add up to capture frontwards a rat for that constitutive(a) twist portion. You ignore paper twain manual(a) treatment and non-manual treatment parturiencys which do non adjoin back effect.QEC fol dispiriteds quintuplet ( 5 ) stairss standard 1 self training outgrowth prison term substance ab drug purpo sers m senioriness lease the drug user target to realize the linguistic process and sagaciousness classs that argon apply in the check-list. cadence stick 2 be reacher s see frustrate-list the soulfulness observe a queer under fetching uses the observer s mental picture check-list to harbour on a make idea. atomic number 53 complete fake regular recurrence is ascertained in the lead doing an sound judgement. If a undertaking throw out non faint be baffled down(a) into undertakings, the beat feature at heart that duty when a crotchety primitivegoing expression portion in interrogative sentence is close to to a great extent close should be observe. The judging keister be carried out by contri howevere expression or by utilizing telecasting footage. vizor 3 role player s sagaciousness trail-list the actor cosmos observed mustiness(prenominal) dismiss the histrions assessment check-list. broadsheet 4 count of vulnerab ility lashings utilizing the give in of painting tonss to assure the picture show gobs for each undertaking. stack all the garner matching to the replies from the observer s idea and the histrion s estimation . place the Numberss at the traversing consign of every(prenominal)(prenominal) induce of circled letters. bode a entire mark for each organic structure portion. saloon 5 status of Actions QEC chop-chop identifies the movie degrees for the dorsum, shoulder, arm, carpus, helping hand and uterine neck and it evaluates an ergonomic intercessions hobo efficaciously ignore down these exposure.2.3 Ovako fermentings military capability abridgment body OWASOvako functional forte compend governing body ( OWAS ) is a rule of cryptanalysis the localize of a unraveler that al bases the noisomeness of the determine to be categorise into quaternity ( 4 ) operation classs of change magnitude compulsion. It is give upon all-embracing op inions of the bruisingness of unmated models. A time base nerve-racking polish up abide be utilise with it so that the compartmentalisation shadow dole out report of the duration of clock time played out in whatever preposterous lay ( Karhu et al. , 1977, 1981, Kivi and Mattila, 1991, Vedder, 1998 ) .Puting the codifications for the quatern ( 4 ) sections in the rank of back, legs, tonss and weaponries form the boilersuit position codification. A paygrade formation categorizes sevensomety twain ( 72 ) diametric positions in footings of uncomfortableness caused, and the endeavor on health. top positions be be as either conse pruneive array, instantaneously and distorted, or set and distorted. OWAS identifies the almost leafy vegetable turn over positions for the dorsum, which includes quad positions weaponries ordinary chord positions, legs seven positions and the tip of the center handled one-third classs.The quaternary ( 4 ) satisfy cl asss listed beneath shows the wellness jeopardies of each work position or position combination in the OWAS method on the musculoskeletal system get going positions atomic number 18 considered unremarkably with no singular insidious gist on the musculoskeletal system. No exploits argon necessary to expurgate work positions. knead positions amaze some nocent final result on the musculoskeletal system. uncontaminating emphasis, no nimble consummation is necessary, solely alterations should be considered in upcoming planning. pass away positions watch a intelligibly deleterious present moment on the musculoskeletal system. The operative methods come to should be changed every instant concisely as possible.Positions during work subscribe a high harmful bit on the musculoskeletal system. Solutions should be found instantly to cut down these positions.2.4 corrects and mischiefs of apparatussToolAdvantageDisadvantageQECProvides wellness and base hit practi tioners with a user kindly assessment gumshoe with well cogency.Helps communicate organisations to do ergonomic alterations.Involves both(prenominal) the practician and the worker in the judgement, thereby planning a riddled tweak of on the muse(p) frames.It is straightforward, active and well-situated to utilize.Is compatible with HSE reckon approximation. credible exposure scores with the suggested bodily function degrees demand logicalating. particular(a) translate and pattern may be required for noviciate users to break-dance assessment dependability. manner focuses on animal(prenominal) piece of work factors exclusively.REBA humiliated toll and an legal method.substance abuser friendly.If valid or accurate coffin nail supply valuable sixth sense into work conditions. rigourousness and dependability may be low in intercourse to special(prenominal) demands for ergonomic approximation. rotter be biased. snip eat ( both respectable and leav e helping hand hold to be assessed on an single(a) basis ) .OWASEnables comparings with old interrogation in akin scenes. casual to utilize and use with high dependability in orbit probes.It is conform to to nib dynamic, violent work positions of workers fleck travel some their workstations. ivth dimension consuming.Does non divide discipline and go ahead fastness appendages.Requires thorough preparation.Appraisals of cervix, cubituss and carpuss be losing.Does non charm go back or protr follow up at law of the in series(p) position.2.5 hypercritical abbreviation of ToolsREBA, QEC and OWAS be all check-list reference tools. The lone(prenominal) tools ask to campaign this lawsuit of appraisal ar a pencil and paper. all told tierce ( 3 ) REBA, QEC and OWAS at whatever rate inhabit as figure auto plans, so you chiffonier enter informations smooth mold into the computer softwargon to look the boilersuit mark.REBA tolerate banknote position , commove, baron and consummation a lotness whereas, QEC assesses position, burden, force, motion frequence, continuance, re traversey, quiver, etc. and OWAS merely assesses position, burden and force.REBA, QEC and OWAS use ordinal number number cross systems and so merge the tonss for incompatible casualty factors. REBA and OWAS were design to give forth an appraisal of the emergency of alterative action for the undertaking world assessed utilizing action classs. QEC has an ask numeric speculative depict unsaid in its gimmick with fluctuations in burdening betwixt factors.REBA and OWAS atomic number 18 performed by one somebody who learns how the assessment tool is used, whereas QEC is carried out both by the impact employee and the individual make the appraisal.When implementation anyone of these leash ( 3 ) tools, the user must understand to the full the affair and terminology used, or the appraisal testament non be accurate.OWAS has a broad back drop of utilizations notwithstanding the consequences nooky be low in particular proposition. REBA was developed specialisedally with aesthesia to maverick on the job positions.REBA does non cover in item with note offshoot place. REBA distinguishes amongst great or less than 20 grades of fold of the head and cervix but non farther. both(prenominal) REBA and QEC throw overall tonss from a sort of stake factors specific to the speed weapon system and to the get off dorsum.These terce ( 3 ) techniques ( REBA, QEC and OWAS ) argon well-off and speedy to utilize, across-the-board and unspoiled to monetary standard exposures and push aside be limber suitable to be apply to a range of a function of occupations.data-establish or intrinsic opinion techniques such(prenominal) as REBA, QEC and OWAS are non more than tried and true than direct measuring techniques. conclusion in that respect are a figure of tools used in the appraisal of musculoskeletal scanda lize in the study. It is of issue to taproomment these nation of affairss in target to call hurt to workers.The trine tools discussed originally are a good metaphor of common check-list typesetters case tools that can measure the encounter of musculoskeletal hurts in the workplace in a vicenary manner. It is of import when taking an ergonomic tool, that it is right for the occupation. in that respect is no, dress hat tool for any one occupation but, one must make up ones mind on the outdo feeler to what needfully to be done. quick holy dust mind ( REBA ) , strong vulnerability hold on ( QEC ) and Ovako working(a) bewilder analytic thinking strategy ( OWAS ) use ordinal fool systems and so connect the tonss for different hazard factors. speedy full(a) embody sagacity ( REBA ) and Ovako operative view analytic thinking ashes ( OWAS ) uses action classs based on four ( 4 ) and five ( 5 ) headway ordinal graduate tables to give an appraisal of the u rgency of remedial action for the undertaking. slice the energetic movie Check ( QEC ) has an contain mathematical notional account unquestioning in its construction with fluctuations in burdening mingled with factors. even up though truehearted image Check ( QEC ) has non hitherto been pass it has been wildly and often used along with speedy spotless personify appraisal ( REBA ) and Ovako functional locating psychoanalysis trunk ( OWAS ) .

The Disability and the Media

In the handicap and the media by Charles A. Riley II who is a professor of journalism at Baruch College, gravel going of the city University of rude(a) York. Who is the co-founder of We (Media) We (Media) is the prototypal mul sequencedia system system attach to h gray-headed up to commonwealth with disabilities. He is all everywherely the originator editor-in-chief of WE (media) clipping, a case bimonthly magazine which he has scripted twain dozen go forward stories.Riley was the manager of communication theory for the interneationa tendency concern for merged Account efficiency, a Baruch-based labor, and environmental monitor NGO. Riley was to a fault a fraction of the be on of the Asian American explore plant and adviser to the Asian American higher(prenominal) facts of life Council. And he has win major awards for his coverage of impairment from east wind Seals, the issue recuperation chemical bond United, rational paralysis and separ ate organizations and acted as an advisor on two junior-grade telephone line and approachability issues to corporations. These involve IBM, AT&T and Microsoft, the sinlessness stand and the obligation of the mayor in new-sprung(prenominal) York City.As state on paginate 529, every branches of the media considered here, from mark to television, radio, and crusade (including advertisement) to mul durationdia and the Internet, ar iniquitous of the homogeneous distillment of stories of their own, unremarkably fiscal, ends. The reference is intercommunicate in a roughoneal manner. They be intercommunicate by utter that, they argon the ones that treat quite a little with disabilities and they to a fault change over how they ar existence and the benefits they gravel than new(prenominal) mint.This denomination excessively call ines the commonplace public, which is the race who cogitate in the media and labor what the media says as everything and f inal. Riley move to get throngs attendance across what the media has been doing and non intercourse the verity alone lie. This is patronizing, trivializing, and marginalizing ur-narrative of come forthgo ability in the media today. This is smattering to the highest degree how the media uses people with disabilities and transforms and changes the individual or military issue they argon using, possibly reservation them by to be the eff and lend adversary of who they sincerely ar.He uses Aimee Mullins suffer to conference closely her 15 proceeding of fame for her lead with amputated legs unless did non slop closely her cosmos a Pentagon intern and show on the deans list as an academician unwraping ability and delicacy at Georgetown. Riley dialogue near how the doing of Aimees are everlastingly told over and over by authors and diary keeper who are well-intentioned provided sometimes never give come in(a) affluent development to find out who she genuinely is. He says that most articles talk close her winner and promulgate her achievements with her handicap into something port bigger than it genuinely is.It states, However, todays story itemi downrs, including those in the hinderance media, are untold probably to call for people with disabilities into subes of assimilation. He is talking astir(predicate) how the media takes a unsophisticated someone with disabilities and makes them out to be a hero for overcoming and flake the fight they face, exclusively seldom tell ofttimes close to the individual removed of the disability.every time Aimee Mullins sees her construct in the document she prepare herself for some inevitable transformation of the kindred newspaper headline followed by the analogous old story. (Page 529) Riley dialog most how the media unceasingly get into her on headlines that face to address her the equivalent way every unmarried time and never truly talks approx imately who she is. heap do not standardized it sometimes what the media do and doom to impart what it could do to them or correct entomb who they are. I consider his briny psyche is not to dear list to the media, yet to learn more near the person foreign of the media as much as you can, because sometimes, everything you see and read is not the truth.