Jean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development - 1641 Words

Jean Piaget (1936), was a developmental psychologist from Switzerland. He was known to be one of the first psychologists to study cognitive development. His contributions include an in depth theory of cognitive child development. His studies include many detailed child observations and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal a child cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s theory of development many psychologists believed that children were just less competent thinkers then adults. Piaget argues that this was in fact incorrect and children just thought differently to adults (simplypsychology.org). Piaget argued a child’s cognitive development occurred in four distinct and separate stages. The first stage was the sensori-motor stage†¦show more content†¦To test his theory of ego-centrism, Piaget and Inhelder (1956) developed a task known as ‘The Three Mountains Task’ (Berk, L 2012). The aim of this study was to find out what age a child is no longer ego-centric. The method used in this task was to ask children aged between 4 to 8 years to sit at a table with a model of 3 mountains placed in front of them. The model also showed a house, snow, bushes and a red cross. The children were asked to walk around the model and look at it from every angle. They were then asked to sit down. A doll was then place on the opposite side of the model to the children. The children was then shown 10 photographs of the model taken from different angles and asked which card showed the view of the doll. Piaget believed that if the child picked out the correct child they were not ego-centric. After completing the task Piaget and Inhelder found that the children aged 4 always chose the card that matched their own view. The children aged 6 were able to show some awareness of alternative perspectives. It was only the children aged between 7 and 8 years that could pick the correct card every time. Piaget concluded that ego-centrism ended at the age of 7 years (simplypsychology.org). It is also during the pre-operational that a child cannot develop or understand centration. This means they lack the ability to concentrate on more than one part of a

The s Belief That All Men - 1295 Words

Published on March 8, 1775, On African Slavery by Thomas Paine was available for the public ten months and two days before Common Sense. Despite the difference in publishing dates these two written works provide numerous similarities. For example, On African Slavery is addressed â€Å"To Americans:† (Paine 1) and Common Sense is similarly â€Å"Addressed to the Inhabitants of America† (1). Furthermore, both written works address Paine’s belief that all men are â€Å"originally equals† (71). In Common Sense, Paine uses this belief to discuss hereditary succession and monarchy, while in On African Slavery Paine uses this belief as a foundation of his argument against slavery. Hereditary succession is also discussed in On African Slavery, when addressing†¦show more content†¦Make specific references using direct quotations. The use of the word â€Å"common† may be found throughout the two works by Paine as well as the Declaration. For example, the Declaration of Independence uses â€Å"common† when referring to â€Å"common kindred† (Jefferson 4) and Common Sense uses â€Å"common† throughout the book when discussing a â€Å"common cause† (Paine 66), â€Å"common period of life† (66), and â€Å"common interest† (67). Furthermore, â€Å"common† may be found in On African Slavery when discussing a â€Å"common Lord† (1) and â€Å"common Justice and Humanity† (1). Another example of similar phrasing throughout Paine’s two works (Common Sense and On African Slavery) and the Declaration are found when condemning a King. Common Sense condemns the King multiple times, one example being â€Å"That the King is not to be trusted without being looked after,† (Paine 69). Similarly, the Declaration also condemns the King by explaining â€Å"The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in dire ct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.† (Jefferson 2). Furthermore, On African Slavery explains â€Å"...that these inoffensive people are brought into slavery, by stealing them, tempting Kings to sell subjects, which they have no right to do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Paine 1). Finally, all three documents similarly reference equality. The Declaration of Independence

The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 6 Free Essays

â€Å"I know we said this would be our evening alone, but Raj has been suffering from some major separation anxiety lately.† Adam was on Cassie’s doorstep with a pizza box in one hand and a dog leash in the other. â€Å"It’s okay. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Cassie bent down to give the shaggy dog a loving pat. â€Å"We’re not completely alone with Jekyll and Hyde downstairs anyway. At least Raj can’t order me around like a maidservant.† Adam’s eyes softened. â€Å"Has it gotten that bad already?† he asked, nodding in the direction of Faye and Laurel in the basement. â€Å"Let’s just say I’d love to take this pizza to go.† â€Å"A picnic on the bluff. That’s a great idea. Let’s do it.† Adam tugged on Raj’s leash and the dog sniffed and snorted, almost too excited for Adam to keep hold of him. Cassie grabbed a jacket and followed Adam out the door. Of course it was impossible for Faye and Laurel to hear her, but Cassie still couldn’t bring herself to open up to Adam about her nightmare or the cord with her friends so close by. Whether it was pure paranoia or not, having a heart-to-heart with Adam out in the fresh air on the bluff seemed like a far superior option. Adam kept Raj in check as he and Cassie made their way along Crowhaven Road, arm in arm, savoring the beautiful night. Cassie felt safe and protected with Adam, but she couldn’t help surveying the surrounding area, scanning every tree and shadow, alert to any movement or sound. She knew Scarlett or a hunter could be behind any one of the many crooked mailboxes or lopsided lampposts along their way. The bluff was tranquil, a rocky fort of solitude. The night was quiet in a way that usually made Cassie feel calm, but tonight she wanted to scream as loud as she could and shatter it. Adam instructed Raj to lie down, then opened up the pizza box and handed Cassie a drooping, dripping slice. â€Å"I got your favorite. Hawaiian.† Cassie accepted the slice from him and took a small bite before diving right into what she’d been waiting to say. â€Å"I have to tell you something,† Cassie said. Her words echoed into the night. â€Å"I had a dream last night.† â€Å"By the tone of your voice,† Adam said while chewing, â€Å"I’m guessing it wasn’t a good one.† Cassie shook her head. â€Å"And it was so real. I’m not sure if it actually happened.† â€Å"If it was a dream, Cassie, of course it didn’t happen. Are you saying you had another vision? Was it Scarlett?† â€Å"No. This was something else.† Cassie looked down from the sloping cliff to the lapping water below. â€Å"In the dream I was reading my father’s Book of Shadows, absorbing all of its energy. And then when I woke up my hands had been burned. See this?† Cassie set her slice of pizza down and lifted her shirtsleeve to show Adam the new burn on the inside of her hand. â€Å"That wasn’t there before I went to bed.† Adam closely examined the mark. â€Å"Okay, that’s weird,† he said. â€Å"Do you think you were reading the book in your sleep?† Cassie pulled her sleeve back down and picked at a pineapple bit on top of her pizza. â€Å"I don’t know. When I woke up, I found it locked away just as I’d left it before I went to bed. It really doesn’t make any sense.† â€Å"Have you told anyone else about this?† â€Å"No, just you. And I want to keep it that way.† Adam’s face took on an air of seriousness as his eyes wandered across the bluff. Cassie could tell he was trying to come up with some explanation or solution, but not finding any. â€Å"We have to find out more about that book,† he said. â€Å"It’s time for us to learn how dark magic works.† Cassie stiffened at the words dark magic. It wasn’t something she wanted to be associated with, especially in Adam’s mind. But Adam was right. â€Å"I want to try to open the book,† Cassie said. â€Å"With you at my side. I know for sure the witch-hunter curse my father used is in there and I want us to research it together.† â€Å"I think that’s a good idea.† Adam put aside his half-eaten slice of pizza and held Cassie by the shoulders. â€Å"I understand your fears about telling the rest of the Circle about this, but they might be able to help. Diana’s Book of Shadows has a lot of information in it. We should at least tell her, if not the others.† Cassie shook her head. â€Å"Not yet.† â€Å"Diana’s not going to judge you,† Adam said. â€Å"You know that.† â€Å"There’s more to it than that, Adam.† Cassie could see how strongly Adam disagreed with her, so she had to remain firm. â€Å"This is a private matter,† she said. â€Å"A family matter. It’s not for you to decide who should and shouldn’t know about it.† â€Å"Fine.† Adam exhaled loudly. â€Å"When you’re ready then.† For a few seconds his frustration was palpable. He got quiet and picked a pebble off the ground, worrying it between his fingers. But soon enough he lobbed the pebble into the water and refocused on Cassie. â€Å"I’m with you on this,† he said. â€Å"I need you to know that.† Cassie reached out to pull Adam closer. She buried her head in his chest and he rested his chin on her hair. Raj barked and jumped with jealousy. He nosed at their legs and pawed at their feet until Cassie gave in and bent down to give him a pat on the head. Adam laughed and stroked the dog’s disheveled coat. â€Å"I think Raj is right,† Adam said. â€Å"We’ve had enough serious talk for one night.† He returned to his pizza and bit off a mouthful. â€Å"Actually, there’s one more thing.† Cassie looked down at the dewy ground. As much as she wanted to forget all her troubles and enjoy her time with Adam, she knew she couldn’t keep the cord a secret from him any longer. â€Å"More bad news?† Adam said with a smile. â€Å"Have you been saving it all up for this one walk?† â€Å"Kind of.† Cassie couldn’t bear to fake levity. â€Å"I’ve kept this inside for a while now.† Adam commanded Raj to sit and tried to read Cassie’s expression. â€Å"What is it?† â€Å"I saw something,† Cassie said, in a barely audible voice. â€Å"That night in Cape Cod. When I was in your arms. I saw the cord, our cord.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"But I also saw a second cord. Going from you to Scarlett.† â€Å"I don’t understand what you’re telling me,† Adam said, but Cassie knew he must have perfectly understood what she was saying. â€Å"It looked just like ours,† Cassie explained. â€Å"But it was between the two of you. What do you think that means?† Adam shook his head. â€Å"I didn’t see anything like that.† Cassie didn’t want this to turn into an argument, but denying it wouldn’t help any. They couldn’t just pretend this away. â€Å"I saw it with my own eyes,† she said. â€Å"I could almost reach out and touch it.† â€Å"Cassie.† Adam took Cassie’s face into his hands and made her look him in the eye. â€Å"Whatever conclusion your mind is racing to right now, stop it. You were close to dying when you think you saw that cord. You must have been hallucinating in the smoke.† â€Å"Adam †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie started to say, but he interrupted. â€Å"The silver cord is just between us. That’s how soul mates work.† â€Å"What if you have more than one soul mate? That’s what I’m asking.† â€Å"I don’t even think that’s possible.† Adam wrapped his arms around Cassie’s torso. â€Å"And any cord aside, I love you, Cassie. Only you. With everything I have.† â€Å"I love you too, but – â€Å" Adam kissed Cassie on the mouth, softly at first and then with more passion. The kisses made Cassie feel dizzy and light-headed in a way that made her want to giggle out loud. Even more so, she felt him – his essence – intertwining with hers. Then Adam abruptly pulled away. â€Å"Did you feel that?† â€Å"Of course I did.† â€Å"That’s all the proof I need. Cord or no cord. So forget about what you think you saw when you were half-conscious.† Adam kissed Cassie again, this time affectionately on the cheek. His lips felt warm and loving on her skin, and she couldn’t deny the feeling she got every time Adam kissed her. He was right about that much. â€Å"I only wish you’d told me this sooner,† he said. â€Å"I hate that you’ve been worrying about this.† â€Å"You would tell me if you saw it, wouldn’t you, Adam?† Cassie wasn’t sure where the question came from. She never doubted Adam’s word before. She’d never had a reason to. But Adam hesitated in a way that caught her attention. His answer didn’t come with the immediacy of honesty. â€Å"Of course I’d tell you,† he said, calmly and dismissively, only after he’d faltered. â€Å"I didn’t see a thing. And I don’t think you did either.† Perhaps it was all in Cassie’s head, but Adam didn’t sound quite convincing enough. Maybe she was even more confused and paranoid than she realized. Cassie turned away, focusing her attention on the long murky line of Crowhaven houses in the distance behind them. Like Adam said, cord aside, their relationship had grown and evolved way beyond love at first sight. â€Å"You know what I think?† Adam said in a lighter tone. â€Å"I think it’s time you allowed yourself to relax. Your mother’s right – you’re taking on too much.† â€Å"She said that to you?† Adam nodded. â€Å"At the meeting you slept through this morning. But she didn’t have to. We can all see it, Cassie. And you’re not alone.† Cassie started to respond, but Adam got that goofy look on his face once more. â€Å"Will you do me the honor of being my date for the Spring Fling? We could use a little fun, hunters be damned. And I can’t think of a better person to have on my arm than you.† Cassie giggled in spite of herself. But her gaze shifted back to Crowhaven Road, all the way down to the blackened depths of the bottom of the hill. â€Å"That sounds perfect, but I don’t know if we can afford to make fun a priority right now.† Then Cassie paused and thought better of the idea. â€Å"On second thought,† she said, â€Å"the dance might be just the opportunity we need to get close to the principal and Max in a public setting, to see if we can figure out some of their weaknesses, or find out more about their stone relics.† â€Å"Cassie. You’re missing the point. Your only concern should be making sure I wear the right color bow tie.† â€Å"Come on, Adam, I know you better than that. You’re always putting Circle business first, before everything else.† Adam blushed with guilt. â€Å"Okay, you’re right. Using the dance to get close to the hunters had crossed my mind. But that is all the more reason we both need a night off.† His eyes flickered in the moonlight and he reached for Cassie’s hand. â€Å"No magic. Just go to the dance and have a nice time – simple as that.† Adam was so much better than Cassie at being happy these days. Maybe some awful punch and silly dancing with her friends and boyfriend was just what she needed to clear out the black cloud that had settled into her chest. At the very least she could pretend to be excited about it – for Adam’s sake, and her mother’s peace of mind. Cassie accepted Adam’s hand and let him draw her in, ballroom dance – style. â€Å"Pink,† she whispered into his ear. â€Å"For your bow tie.† Adam took a step back. â€Å"Seriously? Couldn’t you choose a color that’s a bit more manly?† â€Å"Nope. Pink it is.† How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 6, Essay examples

Beowulf Essay Introduction Example For Students

Beowulf Essay Introduction The strength of his rational mind is not diminishing the pains of his emotions. On thecontrary, the speaker is losing his sanity as time progresses. In the past, perhaps, thespeakers rational thought processes allowed him to cope with failed romances. However,in the presence of this love for his dark mistress, all his logical mental abilities areoverpowered. His rational mind, which he depends on for truth and sanity, has left him inthe face of love. The torment of love has made it impossible for the speaker to maketruthful, objective observations about his world (Companion to 43). In this poem,Shakespeare claims that it is love, not reason, that shapes ones perception of the world,for ones mind, the ideal and rational judgment-maker, is subject to and overwhelmed bythe whims of emotion (Companion to 44). At the beginning of Sonnet 147, the speakerslove is described as a fever, but as the sonnet continues, the effects of love intensify. Towards the end of the poem, love has completely overwhelmed his mind, inducing him tobecome frantic-mad (Line 10). He continues, My thoughts and my discourse as madmens are, /At random from the truth vainly expressed (Lines 10 and 11). The languageShakespeare chooses further emphasizes the crazed effect love has had on the speakersmind (Rowse, A Biography 72). The word discourse, for instance, derives from Latin,meaning to run about. The use of this word creates a clear image of a mad man runningwild and uncontrolled. This love not only makes him go insane, it also blinds him from thetruth (Rowse, A Biography, 74). He says, For I have sworn thee fair and thought theebright, /Who art as black as hell, as dark as night (Lines 13 and 14) . The speakerslogical mind knows that his woman is evil, yet his love for her blinds him and he sees heras beautiful. Love, then, is, for Shakespeare, a force that operates within several differentcontexts. As such, love has a multi-faceted definition, which yields to a multi-facetedidentity. Shakespeare defines love in three different ways. First, love can be seen as an internal force fighting against other internal forces, as we seein Sonnet 147, where the speakers inner turmoil stems from the battle of his love againsthis reason within himself. Second, Shakespeare epics love as an internal force whichbattles external forces, such as social pressures. Finally, Shakespeare portrays love on aneven larger scale, where Love is an external power that, independent of any individual,struggles against and then defeats Time, another external entity (Booth 14). Clearly, iflove is an overwhelming, forceful entity that defeats time, death, social pressures, andreason, then love is no longer simply an internalized emotion; it is also an externalizedpower which can exist independent of human beings (Booth 22). Sonnet 147 deals withlove as an internal agony where there is no mention of outside forces at play. This is apersonal poem where Shak espeare uses the metaphor of disease and illness to representthe obsessive love which has taken over his speakers senses (The Works 119) . Thespeaker describes an internal battle where his mind is being devoured by his crazedsickness, love. Both his love and his reason though, are internalized, sparring forces. Incontrast to poem 147, Sonnet 130 describes the experiences of a mans struggle againstexternal, social factors, such as his cultures romantic ideal for ones beloved. Here, thespeakers love is an internal force which overcomes external factors, as the speaker useslove as a justification for his adoring relationship with a woman (The Works 134). InSonnet 116, Shakespeare goes one step further, and depicts two external forces, Love and